Atomic And Molecular Spectra Laser By Rajkumar Pdf 56
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Nanoparticles can also be used in the production of new generation composites to enhance the properties of the existing ones [14]. The synthesis and production of nanosized particles are still in its early stages. Different synthesis methods and properties are being developed and measured to make these nanoparticles more efficient and useful for applications. As mentioned earlier, the synthesis methods can be categorized as top-down and bottom-up. In the case of sol-gel method, a colloidal suspension of silica nanoparticles is produced at the end of the process. In this method, the particle-growth is controlled by the concentration of the precursors [15]. The top-down approach can be categorized into physical and chemical methods. Physical methods such as laser ablation, thermal plasma, and shockwaves have been used for producing nanoparticles.
Peccianti, M., Seyed Sadr, M., Sabau, C., Sharma, G., Blanchard, F., Razzari, L., Razzari, L., Maret, D., Seyed Sadr, E., Alshami, J., Siu, V., Gobbi, G., Ozaki, T., Del Maestro, R. et Morandotti, R.. 2010. « Evaluation of the electromagnetic hazard of intense THz pulses on neural cells ». In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) and Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS), 2010 (San Jose, CA, USA, May 16-21, 2010) IEEE.
With the advent of more powerful lasers, a new class of laser-based techniques have emerged, which make use of the coherence of the laser light to deliver intense, tightly-focused ultrashort (sub-picosecond) laser pulses to samples, generating pulses of coherent high-energy, ultra-short (sub-picosecond) light. These laser-based methods, which do not require traditional targets, can probe any sample at any energy of interest. In addition, they can be used to study nonlinear processes, such as the formation of new photochemical species, their evolution with time, and the interactions with solute and solvent molecules. Over the last decade, intense THz pulses, typically with peak electric fields of 0.1 to 10 MV m-1, have become available. This powerful THz technology enables scientists to study and characterize, in real time, interactions between atoms, molecules, and electrons, and under conditions similar to those experienced in nature. At the same time, THz emission is much more powerful than free-electron lasers, and is therefore easier to use. 827ec27edc